Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests.

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q4 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicological Research Pub Date : 2023-06-12 eCollection Date: 2023-10-01 DOI:10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2

Stec Marcin, Astel Aleksander

{"title":"Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests.","authors":"Stec Marcin, Astel Aleksander","doi":"10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for Arthemia franciscana (LC50 = 0.55 mg L-1) and Daphnia magna (EC50 = 2.66-3.67 mg L-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC50 = 1.46 mg L-1) and octocrylene (IC50 = 1.95 mg L-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC50 = 1.38-2.16 mg L-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC50 = 6.15-46.78 mg L-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC50 = 14.15-54.30 mg L-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC50 = 12.97-15.44 mg L-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals.Graphical abstract: ","PeriodicalId":23181,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Research","volume":"39 4","pages":"649-667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541396/pdf/","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Toxicological Research","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/10/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"TOXICOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Abstract

UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox^® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for Arthemia franciscana (LC₅₀ = 0.55 mg L^-1) and Daphnia magna (EC₅₀ = 2.66-3.67 mg L^-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC₅₀ = 1.46 mg L^-1) and octocrylene (IC₅₀ = 1.95 mg L^-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC₅₀ = 1.38-2.16 mg L^-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC₅₀ = 6.15-46.78 mg L^-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC₅₀ = 14.15-54.30 mg L^-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC₅₀ = 12.97-15.44 mg L^-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals.

Graphical abstract:

查看原文本刊更多论文

使用一组生物测试对九种有机紫外线过滤器进行急性毒性评估。

环境隔室中的紫外线过滤器因其生态毒理学影响而引起关注。然而，人们对紫外线过滤器的毒性知之甚少，尤其是那些以混合物形式释放到环境中的紫外线过滤器。测定了9种有机紫外线滤光片的急性毒性——二苯甲酮-1、二苯甲酚-2、二苯甲酮-3、4-甲氧基亚苄基樟脑、辛丙烯、甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯、水杨酸2-乙基己酯，高水杨酸酯和甲氧基二苯甲酰基丁基甲烷。UV滤光片溶液被测试为各种组成的单一、二元和三元混合物。使用一系列生物测试对单一溶液进行测试，包括对盐水甲壳类动物（卤虫）、淡水甲壳类生物（大型水蚤）、海洋细菌（Aliivibrio fischeri）和淡水植物（小柠檬）的测试。这些测试代表了营养链的不同阶段，因此其总体结果可用于各种水库的风险评估。使用标准Microtox®方法分析二元和三元混合物的毒性。一般来说，有机紫外线过滤器被归类为剧毒。octoprylene对Arthemia franciscana的毒性最大（LC50 = 0.55 mg L-1）和大型水蚤（EC50 = 2.66-3.67mg L-1）。对淡水植物毒性最大的是高碘酸盐（IC50 = 1.46 mg L-1）和辛丙烯（IC50 = 1.95 mg L-1）。甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯（EC50 = 1.38-2.16 mg L-1）对海洋细菌的毒性最强。对甲壳类动物和植物毒性最小的是二苯甲酮-1（EC50 = 6.15-46.78 mg L-1）和二苯甲酮-2（EC50 = 14.15-54.30 mg L-1），而4-甲氧基亚苄基樟脑对海洋细菌的毒性最小（EC50 = 12.97-15.44 mg L-1）。个别物种对测试的有机紫外线过滤器的敏感性不同。混合物的毒性评估表明，在暴露于二苯甲酮-2与辛丙烯、水杨酸2-乙基己酯或高碘酸盐的二元混合物后，对海洋细菌具有高度和急性毒性。混合物的毒性低于预测化学物质之间拮抗相互作用的单一溶液。图形摘要：

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Toxicological Research TOXICOLOGY-

CiteScore

4.20

自引率

4.30%

发文量

期刊介绍： Toxicological Research is the official journal of the Korean Society of Toxicology. The journal covers all areas of Toxicological Research of chemicals, drugs and environmental agents affecting human and animals, which in turn impact public health. The journal’s mission is to disseminate scientific and technical information on diverse areas of toxicological research. Contributions by toxicologists, molecular biologists, geneticists, biochemists, pharmacologists, clinical researchers and epidemiologists with a global view on public health through toxicological research are welcome. Emphasis will be given to articles providing an understanding of the toxicological mechanisms affecting animal, human and public health. In the case of research articles using natural extracts, detailed information with respect to the origin, extraction method, chemical profiles, and characterization of standard compounds to ensure the reproducible pharmacological activity should be provided.