Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A literature review and update

Abstract

Since the initial description of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) almost two decades ago, the potential pathophysiology and risk factors have been elaborated on in many investigations and guidelines. However, the definitive pathophysiology based on scientific evidence remains lacking. Consequently, the optimal clinical treatment and prevention strategies for MRONJ have not been established. Despite their different mechanisms of action, many drugs, including bisphosphonates, denosumab, angiogenesis inhibitors, and other medications, have been reported to be associated with MRONJ lesions in cancer and osteoporosis patients. Importantly, MRONJ occurs predominantly in the jawbones and other craniofacial regions, but not in the appendicular skeleton. In this up-to-date review, the currently available information and theories regarding MRONJ are presented from both clinical and basic science perspectives. The definition and epidemiology of MRONJ, triggering medication, and histopathology are comprehensively summarized. The immunopathology and the potential pathophysiology based on immune cells such as neutrophils, T and B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are also discussed. In addition, antiangiogenesis, soft tissue toxicity, necrotic bone, osteocyte death, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms are examined. Moreover, other possible mechanisms of MRONJ development are considered based on the unique embryological characteristics, different cell behaviors between jawbones and appendicular skeleton, unique anatomical structures, and sustained bacterial exposure in the oral cavity as a basis for MRONJ site specificity. Based on the literature review, it was concluded that multiple factors may contribute to the development of MRONJ, although which one is the key player triggering MRONJ in the craniofacial region remains unknown.