Disposal of intestinal apoptotic epithelial cells and their fate via divergent routes.

IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q4 MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
Toshihiko Iwanaga, Hiromi Takahashi-Iwanaga
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Gut epithelial cells are characterized by rapid, constant cell renewal. The disposal of aging epithelial cells around the villus tips of the small intestine occurs so regularly that it has been regarded as a consequence of well-controlled cell death, designated as apoptosis. However, the notion of live cell extrusion in the intestine has been intensively built among researchers, and the disposal processes of effete epithelial cells display species and regional differences. Chemical mediators and mechanical forces rising from surrounding cells contribute to the regulated cell replacement. Cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria macrophages play a leading role in the selection of disposal cells and their extrusion to maintain fully the epithelial homeostasis in tandem with the dynamic reconstruction of junctional devices. Lymphocyte-mediated cell killing is predominant in the mouse and rat, while the disposal of epithelial cells in the guinea pig, monkey, and human is characterized by active phagocytosis by subepithelially gathering macrophages. The fenestrated basement membrane formed by immune cells supports their involvement and explains species differences in the disposal of epithelial cells. Via these fenestrations, macrophages and dendritic cells can engulf apoptotic epithelial cells and debris and convey substantial information to regional lymph nodes. In this review, we attempt to focus on morphological aspects concerning the apoptosis and disposal process of effete epithelial cells; in vitro or ex vivo analyses using cultured monolayer has become predominant in recent studies concerning the exfoliation of apoptotic enterocytes. Furthermore, we give attention to their species differences, which is controversial but crucial to our understanding.

肠上皮细胞凋亡的处理及其不同途径的命运。
肠道上皮细胞的特点是快速、持续的细胞更新。小肠绒毛尖端周围老化上皮细胞的处理是如此有规律,以至于它被认为是控制良好的细胞死亡的结果,被称为细胞凋亡。然而,活细胞在肠道内挤压的概念已经在研究人员之间得到了广泛的建立,并且有效上皮细胞的处理过程显示出物种和区域差异。来自周围细胞的化学介质和机械力有助于调节细胞的替换。细胞毒性上皮内淋巴细胞和固有层巨噬细胞在选择处置细胞和挤压处置细胞以充分维持上皮内稳态的过程中起主导作用,并与连接装置的动态重建相结合。淋巴细胞介导的细胞杀伤在小鼠和大鼠中占主导地位,而在豚鼠、猴子和人类中,上皮细胞的处理以上皮下聚集的巨噬细胞主动吞噬为特征。免疫细胞形成的开孔基底膜支持它们的参与,并解释了上皮细胞处置的物种差异。通过这些开孔,巨噬细胞和树突状细胞可以吞噬凋亡的上皮细胞和碎片,并将大量信息传递到区域淋巴结。在这篇综述中,我们试图把重点放在形态学方面的凋亡和处理过程的有效上皮细胞;体外或离体分析使用培养单层已成为主导在最近的研究中凋亡肠细胞脱落。此外,我们注意到它们的物种差异,这是有争议的,但对我们的理解至关重要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Biomedical Research-tokyo
Biomedical Research-tokyo 医学-医学:研究与实验
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
19
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Biomedical Research is peer-reviewed International Research Journal . It was first launched in 1990 as a biannual English Journal and later became triannual. From 2008 it is published in Jan-Apr/ May-Aug/ Sep-Dec..
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