Pollution investigation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and water from selected dumpsite locations in rivers and Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Environmental analysis, health and toxicology Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-29 DOI:10.5620/eaht.2021023
Victor Uchenna Okechukwu, Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola, Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme, Eucheria Nkiru Nweke, Patrick Leonard Omokpariola
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引用次数: 16

Abstract

The transfer ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil dumpsite to borehole water is dependent of polluting source and exposure matrices that causes immerse health risk to man and environment over a period of time. PAHs were assessed in selected soil dumpsite and borehole water located at Rivers state (Eleme, Eliozu, Eneka, Oyigbo, and Woji) and Bayelsa state (Yenagoa), Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at four different points 30 m (North, South, East and West) locations at a depth of 15 cm for each dumpsite using soil auger while control samples were collected 200 m away (farmland), where there were little anthropogenic activities and no presence of active dumpsites. Borehole water samples were collected from 300 m distance, which were packaged in an amber container, labeled, and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Standard analytical methods were employed. PAHs concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction of water and soil using liquid-liquid and soxhlet extraction methods respectively and clean-up of the extracts, thereafter the laboratory data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. Total PAHs (ΣPAHS) concentrations in soil samples from the study sites ranged from 2.4294 mg/kg in Yenagoa to 5.1662 mg/kg in Eleme while in water samples the total PAHs ranged from 1.3935 mg/L in Woji to 3.009 mg/L in Eleme. The total PAH concentrations in the soil were above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 mg/kg for a considerably contaminated site except for the control sites. The total concentration of carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 0.0038 to 1.1301mg/kg in soil samples and 0.0014 to 0.9429 mg/L in borehole water samples, therefore raising concern of human exposure via food chain. The results indicate that low molecular weight PAHs were more dominant than high molecular weight PAHs in both soil and water samples, however molecular diagnostic ratio shows that pyrogenic activities are major sources of PAHs as compared to petrogenic origin. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and Pearson correlation) showed strong negative correlation implying that they were from dissimilar sources and different migratory route. Cancer and non-cancer risk showed that children were more at risk compared to adults, where inhalation exposure were major contribution as compared to ingestion and dermal exposure, as such there is a need to implement regulatory laws on indiscriminate release of PAHs contaminants to maintain sustainability.

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尼日利亚河流和巴耶尔萨州选定垃圾场土壤和水中多环芳烃污染调查和风险评估。
多环芳烃(PAHs)从土壤堆积场向井水转移的比例取决于污染源和暴露基质,它们在一段时间内对人与环境造成浸入式健康风险。在尼日利亚的Rivers州(Eleme、Eliozu、Eneka、Oyigbo和Woji)和Bayelsa州(Yenagoa)选定的土壤垃圾场和井水中评估了多环烃。使用土壤螺旋钻在每个垃圾场15 cm深处30 m处(北、南、东、西)的四个不同位置采集土壤样本,而对照样本则在200 m外(农田)采集,那里几乎没有人为活动,也没有活跃的垃圾场。从300米距离处采集钻孔水样,装入琥珀容器包装,贴上标签后运至实验室分析。采用标准分析方法。分别采用液-液萃取法和索氏萃取法提取水和土壤,并对提取物进行清理,然后对实验室数据进行统计分析,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析多环芳烃浓度。研究点土壤样品中总多环芳烃(ΣPAHS)浓度从叶纳戈阿的2.4294 mg/kg到Eleme的5.1662 mg/kg不等,水样中总多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度从Woji的1.3935 mg/L到Eleme的3.009 mg/L不等。土壤中多环芳烃的总浓度高于有毒物质和疾病登记局规定的1.0 mg/kg的污染严重地点的水平,但对照地点除外。土壤样品中致癌性多环芳烃总浓度为0.0038 ~ 1.1301mg/kg,井水样品中致癌性多环芳烃总浓度为0.0014 ~ 0.9429 mg/L,引起人们通过食物链接触的关注。结果表明,土壤和水样中低分子量多环芳烃的含量高于高分子量多环芳烃,但分子诊断率表明,与岩石成因相比,热成因活动是多环芳烃的主要来源。多因素分析(主成分分析和Pearson相关分析)显示出较强的负相关,表明它们的来源不同,迁徙路线不同。癌症和非癌症风险表明,与成人相比,儿童面临的风险更大,与摄入和皮肤接触相比,吸入接触是主要因素,因此,有必要实施关于不加区分地释放多环芳烃污染物的监管法律,以保持可持续性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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