Implications of global environmental change for the burden of snakebite

IF 3.6 Q2 TOXICOLOGY
Gerardo Martín , Carlos Yáñez-Arenas , Rodrigo Rangel-Camacho , Kris A. Murray , Eyal Goldstein , Takuya Iwamura , Xavier Chiappa-Carrara
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引用次数: 11

Abstract

Snakebite envenoming is a set of intoxication diseases that disproportionately affect people of poor socioeconomic backgrounds in tropical countries. As it is highly dependent on the environment its burden is expected to shift spatially with global anthropogenic environmental (climate, land use) and demographic change. The mechanisms underlying the changes to snakebite epidemiology are related to factors of snakes and humans. The distribution and abundance of snakes are expected to change with global warming via their thermal tolerance, while rainfall may affect the timing of key activities like feeding and reproduction. Human population growth is the primary cause of land-use change, which may impact snakes at smaller spatial scales than climate via habitat and biodiversity loss (e.g. prey availability). Human populations, on the other hand, could experience novel patterns and morbidity of snakebite envenoming, both as a result of snake responses to environmental change and due to the development of agricultural adaptations to climate change, socioeconomic and cultural changes, development and availability of better antivenoms, personal protective equipment, and mechanization of agriculture that mediate risk of encounters with snakes and their outcomes. The likely global effects of environmental and demographic change are thus context-dependent and could encompass both increasing and or snakebite burden (incidence, number of cases or morbidity), exposing new populations to snakes in temperate areas due to “tropicalization”, or by land use change-induced snake biodiversity loss, respectively. Tackling global change requires drastic measures to ensure large-scale ecosystem functionality. However, as ecosystems represent the main source of venomous snakes their conservation should be accompanied by comprehensive public health campaigns. The challenges associated with the joint efforts of biodiversity conservation and public health professionals should be considered in the global sustainability agenda in a wider context that applies to neglected tropical and zoonotic and emerging diseases.

Abstract Image

全球环境变化对蛇咬伤负担的影响
蛇咬伤是一组中毒疾病,对热带国家社会经济背景较差的人的影响尤为严重。由于农业高度依赖环境,其负担预计将随着全球人为环境(气候、土地利用)和人口变化而发生空间转移。蛇咬伤流行病学变化的机制与蛇和人的因素有关。蛇的分布和数量预计会随着全球变暖而改变,因为它们的热耐受性会改变,而降雨可能会影响它们进食和繁殖等关键活动的时间。人口增长是土地利用变化的主要原因,这可能会通过栖息地和生物多样性的丧失(例如猎物的可获得性)在比气候更小的空间尺度上影响蛇。另一方面,由于蛇对环境变化的反应,以及农业适应气候变化的发展、社会经济和文化的变化、更好的抗蛇毒血清的开发和可用性、个人防护装备的发展和农业机械化,人类群体可能会经历蛇咬伤的新模式和发病率,这些都可以调节与蛇相遇的风险及其后果。因此,环境和人口变化可能产生的全球影响取决于具体情况,可能分别包括增加和/或蛇咬伤负担(发病率、病例数或发病率)、由于“热带化”而使温带地区的新种群暴露于蛇,或由于土地利用变化导致的蛇生物多样性丧失。应对全球变化需要采取严厉措施,以确保大规模生态系统的功能。然而,由于生态系统是毒蛇的主要来源,对它们的保护应伴随着全面的公共卫生运动。应在适用于被忽视的热带和人畜共患病及新发疾病的更广泛背景下,在全球可持续性议程中考虑与生物多样性保护和公共卫生专业人员共同努力有关的挑战。
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来源期刊
Toxicon: X
Toxicon: X Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-Toxicology
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
33
审稿时长
14 weeks
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