{"title":"History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system\u2029.","authors":"Marc-Antoine Crocq","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/mcrocq","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O'Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3000,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9c/18/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-223.PMC7605027.pdf","citationCount":"64","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/mcrocq","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 64
Abstract
This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O'Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context. .
这篇文章追溯了大麻的故事,从人类最早接触这种植物到后来的全球扩张,它的药用用途,以及20世纪内源性大麻素系统的发现。大约1.2万年前,大麻在中亚的阿尔泰山脉附近被证实存在,从那时起,大麻种子就伴随着游牧民族的迁徙。大麻药用的记录出现在公元前的中国、埃及和希腊(希罗多德),后来在罗马帝国(老普林尼、迪奥斯科里德斯、盖伦)。19世纪,西尔维斯特·德·塞西(Silvestre de Sacy)等东方学家,以及奥肖内西(O’shaughnessy)和莫罗·德·图尔(Moreau de Tours)等接触到穆斯林和印度文化的西方医生,将大麻的药用引入欧洲。主要精神活性植物大麻素四氢大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabinol, THC)的结构由Mechoulam和Gaoni于1964年在以色列测定。这一发现为内源性大麻素系统(ECS)研究领域的许多后续发展打开了大门。ECS科学知识的进步将关于大麻自由化的辩论置于一个新的背景下。 。
期刊介绍:
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (DCNS) endeavors to bridge the gap between clinical neuropsychiatry and the neurosciences by offering state-of-the-art information and original insights into pertinent clinical, biological, and therapeutic aspects. As an open access journal, DCNS ensures accessibility to its content for all interested parties. Each issue is curated to include expert reviews, original articles, and brief reports, carefully selected to offer a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape in clinical neuroscience. Join us in advancing knowledge and fostering dialogue in this dynamic field.