Taymeyah Al-Toubah, Mauro Cives, Jonathan Strosberg
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are a heterogeneous family of neoplasms. Well-differentiated tumors are often slow growing and characterized by low tumor mutational burden. Poorly differentiated NECs are aggressive, with an increased mutational burden and higher propensity to express PD-L1. While the therapeutic landscape for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has evolved substantially over the past decade, immunotherapy has been unexplored in NENs until recently. Checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents, bi-specific tumor-targeting antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are examples of treatments that have demonstrated efficacy in other cancers and have recently been investigated in NENs. This review examines the immune landscape of NENs in detail, summarizes recent clinical study results, and discusses potential future directions for immunotherapy.
期刊介绍：
Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol; TGH; Online ISSN 2415-1289) is an open-access, peer-reviewed online journal that focuses on cutting-edge findings in the field of translational research in gastroenterology and hepatology and provides current and practical information on diagnosis, prevention and clinical investigations of gastrointestinal, pancreas, gallbladder and hepatic diseases. Specific areas of interest include, but not limited to, multimodality therapy, biomarkers, imaging, biology, pathology, and technical advances related to gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases. Contributions pertinent to gastroenterology and hepatology are also included from related fields such as nutrition, surgery, public health, human genetics, basic sciences, education, sociology, and nursing.
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