Molecular Mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas Immunity in Bacteria.

IF 8.7 1区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2020-11-23 Epub Date: 2020-08-28 DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-022120-112523
Philip M Nussenzweig, Luciano A Marraffini
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引用次数: 80

Abstract

Prokaryotes have developed numerous defense strategies to combat the constant threat posed by the diverse genetic parasites that endanger them. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas loci guard their hosts with an adaptive immune system against foreign nucleic acids. Protection starts with an immunization phase, in which short pieces of the invader's genome, known as spacers, are captured and integrated into the CRISPR locus after infection. Next, during the targeting phase, spacers are transcribed into CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) that guide CRISPR-associated (Cas) nucleases to destroy the invader's DNA or RNA. Here we describe the many different molecular mechanisms of CRISPR targeting and how they are interconnected with the immunization phase through a third phase of the CRISPR-Cas immune response: primed spacer acquisition. In this phase, Cas proteins direct the crRNA-guided acquisition of additional spacers to achieve a more rapid and robust immunization of the population.

细菌中CRISPR-Cas免疫的分子机制
原核生物已经发展出许多防御策略,以对抗各种危及它们的遗传寄生虫所构成的持续威胁。聚集的规则间隔短回文重复(CRISPR)-Cas基因座通过适应性免疫系统保护宿主免受外来核酸的侵害。保护从免疫阶段开始,在这个阶段,入侵者基因组的短片段(称为间隔片段)在感染后被捕获并整合到CRISPR位点中。接下来,在靶向阶段,间隔物被转录成CRISPR RNA (crrna),引导CRISPR相关(Cas)核酸酶破坏入侵者的DNA或RNA。在这里,我们描述了CRISPR靶向的许多不同分子机制,以及它们如何通过CRISPR- cas免疫反应的第三阶段与免疫阶段相互关联:引物间隔物获取。在这一阶段,Cas蛋白指导crrna引导的额外间隔物的获取,以实现对人群更快速和更强大的免疫。
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来源期刊
Annual review of genetics
Annual review of genetics 生物-遗传学
CiteScore
18.30
自引率
0.90%
发文量
17
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Genetics, published since 1967, comprehensively covers significant advancements in genetics. It encompasses various areas such as biochemical, behavioral, cell, and developmental genetics, evolutionary and population genetics, chromosome structure and transmission, gene function and expression, mutation and repair, genomics, immunogenetics, and other topics related to the genetics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.
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