{"title":"Prevailing concepts of c-di-GMP signaling.","authors":"Ute Römling, Roger Simm","doi":"10.1159/000219379","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, the list of ubiquitous bacterial secondary messengers which include cAMP and ppGpp has been extended by 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). C-di-GMP metabolism is tuned by the tightly controlled activity of diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases. As c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes are not only found frequently in bacterial genomes, but also are often numerous in individual genomes, the c-di-GMP metabolic network is highly complex whereby signaling specificity is adjusted on the level of expression, enzymatic activity, protein localization and, most likely, receptor affinity. The targets of c-di-GMP, which include protein and RNA receptors, are subsequently being unraveled. Besides the transition between sessility and motility, probably the most ancient regulatory control of bacterial behavior by c-di-GMP, many more phenotypes such as virulence are affected by c-di-GMP. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of c-di-GMP action remain to be discovered.</p>","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000219379","citationCount":"68","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Contributions to microbiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000219379","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2009/6/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 68
Abstract
Recently, the list of ubiquitous bacterial secondary messengers which include cAMP and ppGpp has been extended by 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). C-di-GMP metabolism is tuned by the tightly controlled activity of diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases. As c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes are not only found frequently in bacterial genomes, but also are often numerous in individual genomes, the c-di-GMP metabolic network is highly complex whereby signaling specificity is adjusted on the level of expression, enzymatic activity, protein localization and, most likely, receptor affinity. The targets of c-di-GMP, which include protein and RNA receptors, are subsequently being unraveled. Besides the transition between sessility and motility, probably the most ancient regulatory control of bacterial behavior by c-di-GMP, many more phenotypes such as virulence are affected by c-di-GMP. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of c-di-GMP action remain to be discovered.