[Cognitive reserve and neural networks in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease].

Grégoria Kalpouzos, Francis Eustache, Béatrice Desgranges
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引用次数: 12

Abstract

Since the 1990s, functional neuroimaging studies on normal and pathological aging showed the involvement of different patterns of activation in comparison with control populations, such as increased frontal activity. These differences have been interpreted as reflecting the implementation of compensatory processes. Confronted to age-related or pathological brain changes, alternative neural networks would be used to perform cognitive tasks. Besides, a rather important variability has been reported in old individuals. This variability concerns not only their cognitive capacities, but also the involvement of different neural pathways according to their performance. This variability could result from differences in cognitive reserve, which can be defined as the capability of an individual to cope with a task in order to optimize his/her performance by the recruitment of different neural networks and/or by using alternative cognitive strategies. The notion of cognitive reserve is very recent and, due to its complexity, is still not well-defined. The main aims of this review are to clarify this notion by summing up the various factors participating in cognitive reserve, to estimate its impact on memory, and to link it with the brain modifications reported in the literature regarding normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, from a clinical point of view, we suggest to take into account the notion of cognitive reserve during the neuropsychological evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases in the upcoming years.

[认知储备和神经网络在正常衰老和阿尔茨海默病中的作用]。
自20世纪90年代以来,对正常和病理性衰老的功能性神经影像学研究表明,与对照人群相比,涉及不同的激活模式,例如额叶活动增加。这些差异被解释为反映了补偿过程的实施。面对与年龄相关的或病理性的大脑变化,替代神经网络将被用来执行认知任务。此外,在老年人中也有相当重要的变异。这种可变性不仅涉及他们的认知能力,还涉及根据他们的表现参与不同的神经通路。这种可变性可能是由于认知储备的差异造成的,认知储备可以定义为个体应对任务的能力,以便通过招募不同的神经网络和/或使用替代的认知策略来优化他/她的表现。认知储备的概念是最近才出现的,由于其复杂性,它仍然没有得到很好的定义。本综述的主要目的是通过总结参与认知储备的各种因素来澄清这一概念,评估其对记忆的影响,并将其与文献中关于正常衰老和阿尔茨海默病的大脑修饰联系起来。最后,从临床的角度来看,我们建议在未来几年神经退行性疾病的神经心理学评估中考虑认知储备的概念。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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