Progesterone signaling in mammary gland development.

O M Conneely, B Mulac-Jericevic, R Arnett-Mansfield
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Abstract

The mammary gland undergoes extensive epithelial expansion and differentiation during pregnancy, leading ultimately to the development of functional milk-producing alveolar lobules. This phase of mammary gland remodeling is controlled primarily by the cooperative interplay between hormonal signals initiated by both progesterone and prolactin. Abrogation of mammary epithelial expression of receptors for either one of the hormones results in failure of alveologenesis and an absence of pregnancy-induced tertiary ductal side branches in the case of progesterone receptor-null (PRKO) mammary glands. By combining gene array approaches to identify PR- and prolactin (PRL)-dependent downstream signaling pathways and by using genetic mouse models to address the consequences of abrogation and/or misexpression of potential downstream genes, recent studies have begun to illuminate key signaling pathways that mediate the morphogenic effects of these hormones during pregnancy-induced mammary gland remodeling. Analysis of deregulated expression of PR-dependent gene transcripts in PRKO mammary glands has revealed that convergence between progesterone and prolactin signaling occurs in part through progesterone-dependent induction of mammary epithelial PRL receptors to prime the mammary epithelium to respond to PRL. Additional genes activated by PRs encode epithelial paracrine growth factor signals that regulate ductal and alveolar epithelial proliferation and survival, lineage-restricted transcription factors that control luminal and alveolar cell fate establishment and maintenance, and gap junction proteins that play a critical role in alveolar morphogenesis by establishment of epithelial cell polarity. Finally, two distinct isoforms of PRs (PR-A and PR-B) are coexpressed in the mammary gland and display extensively overlapping but partially distinct gene regulatory properties in relaying the progesterone signal.

乳腺发育中的孕激素信号。
在怀孕期间,乳腺经历了广泛的上皮细胞扩张和分化,最终导致功能性产奶的肺泡小叶的发育。乳腺重塑的这一阶段主要由孕激素和催乳素发起的激素信号之间的合作相互作用控制。在孕激素受体缺失(PRKO)乳腺的情况下,乳腺上皮中任一激素受体的表达缺失会导致肺泡形成失败和妊娠诱导的第三导管侧支缺失。通过结合基因阵列方法鉴定PR-和催乳素(PRL)依赖的下游信号通路,并通过使用遗传小鼠模型来解决潜在下游基因缺失和/或错误表达的后果,最近的研究已经开始阐明在妊娠诱导的乳腺重塑过程中介导这些激素形态发生作用的关键信号通路。对PRKO乳腺中pr依赖基因转录本表达失调的分析表明,孕激素和催乳素信号之间的趋同部分是通过孕激素依赖的乳腺上皮PRL受体诱导乳腺上皮对PRL作出反应而发生的。由PRs激活的其他基因编码调节导管和肺泡上皮增殖和存活的上皮旁分泌生长因子信号,控制管腔和肺泡细胞命运建立和维持的谱系限制性转录因子,以及通过上皮细胞极性的建立在肺泡形态发生中起关键作用的间隙连接蛋白。最后,pr的两种不同亚型(PR-A和PR-B)在乳腺中共表达,并在传递孕激素信号中表现出广泛重叠但部分不同的基因调控特性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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