Integrated hand-held electrochemical sensor for multicomponent detection in urine

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors have shown great advantage and application potential in point-of-care testing (POCT) related scenarios. However, some fatal problems plague its widespread utilization, which include the susceptibility of sensors to interference in real samples (e.g. pH), the contradiction between the limited objects detectable for most sensors and the requirement of multi-target analysis in most cases, and the complicated procedures in sensor preparation as well as in routine use. This paper contributed a tip-like electrochemical sensor prototype. By integrated with a commercial pipettor, it fulfilled semi-automatic assay procedure of sampling, detection and rinsing, thus saving operational time and manual work. The tip sensor owns the property of simple fabrication and is free from any modification of extra bio/chem materials. Moreover, built on multiple electrochemical signal outputs including open circuit potential, peak current and potential of specific electrochemical reaction, this work established a novel multi-component sensing strategy, wherein detection of uric acid (UA), urea and pH in urine samples was realized by using one single working electrode. The detection range for the above targets is 5.0~600 μM for UA, 4.0~8.0 for pH and 0.5~7.0 mM for urea with the detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.05 μM for UA and 5.4 μM for urea, and the sensitivity of pH assay is 73 mV/pH. Notably, as variation of sample pH has impact on electrochemical analysis, the pH-related parameter was introduced for calibration to diminish such interference. The developed tip sensor and the novel sensing strategy may open a new window for electrochemical technology and broaden its application in POCT.