Computational Prediction of Stacking Mode in Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks: An Exploration of Chemical and Electrical Property Changes

Abstract

Conductive two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) have attracted interest as they induce strong charge delocalization and improve charge carrier mobility and concentration. However, characterizing their stacking mode depends on expensive and time-consuming experimental measurements. Here, we construct a potential energy surface (PES) map database for 36 2D MOFs using density functional theory (DFT) for the experimentally synthesized and non-synthesized 2D MOFs to predict their stacking mode. The DFT PES results successfully predict the experimentally synthesized stacking mode with an accuracy of 92.9% and explain the coexistence mechanism of dual stacking modes in a single compound. Furthermore, we analyze the chemical (i.e., host–guest interaction) and electrical (i.e., electronic structure) property changes affected by stacking mode. The DFT results show that the host–guest interaction can be enhanced by the transition from AA to AB stacking, taking H₂S gas as a case study. The electronic band structure calculation confirms that as AB stacking displacement increases, the in-plane charge transport pathway is reduced while the out-of-plane charge transport pathway is maintained or even increased. These results indicate that there is a trade-off between chemical and electrical properties in accordance with the stacking mode.