The potential of polymeric cryogels in bioseparation.

V I Lozinsky, F M Plieva, I Y Galaev, B Mattiasson
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引用次数: 321

Abstract

This is a review discussing the production and properties of cryogels (from the Greek kappa rho iota sigma (kryos) meaning frost or ice), immobilization of ligands in cryogels and the application of affinity cryogels in bioseparation. Cryotropic gel formation proceeds in a non-frozen liquid microphase existing in the macroscopically frozen sample. Due to the cryoconcentration of gel precursors in the non-frozen liquid microphase, cryogelation is characterised by a decrease in the critical concentration of gelation and an increase in gelation rates compared with traditional gelation at temperatures above freezing point. Cryogels can be obtained through the formation of both physically and covalently cross-linked heterogeneous polymer networks. Interconnected systems of macropores and sponge-like morphology are typical for cryogels, allowing unhindered diffusion of solutes of practically any size. Most of the water present in spongy cryogels is capillary bound and can be removed mechanically by squeezing. The properties of cryogels can be regulated by the temperature of cryogelation, the time the sample is kept in a frozen state and freezing/thawing rates, by the nature of the solvent and by the use of soluble and insoluble additives. The unique macroporous morphology of cryogels, in combination with osmotic, chemical and mechanical stability, makes them attractive matrices for chromatography of large entities such as protein aggregates, membrane fragments, viruses, cell organells and even whole cells. Special attention is given to immunosorption of viruses on cryogel-based sorbents. As chromatographic materials, cryogels can be used both in bead form and as spongy cylindrical blocks (monoliths) synthesized inside the chromatographic column. The macroporous nature of cryogels is also advantageous for their application as matrices in the immobilization of biocatalysts operating in both aqueous and organic solvents. New potential applications of cryogels are discussed.

高分子低温材料在生物分离中的应用前景。
本文综述了冻冰(来自希腊语kappa rho iota sigma (kryos)意为霜或冰)的制备和性质、配体在冻冰中的固定化以及亲和冻冰在生物分离中的应用。低温凝胶的形成是在宏观冷冻样品中存在的非冷冻液体微相中进行的。由于凝胶前体在非冷冻液体微相中的低温浓缩,冷冻的特点是在冰点以上温度下,与传统的凝胶相比,凝胶的临界浓度降低,凝胶速率增加。低温可以通过形成物理和共价交联的非均相聚合物网络来获得。大孔隙和海绵状形态的互联系统是典型的低温体,允许几乎任何大小的溶质不受阻碍地扩散。海绵状低温冰箱中存在的大部分水是毛细管结合的,可以通过挤压机械地除去。冷冻剂的性能可由冷冻温度、样品处于冷冻状态的时间和冷冻/解冻速率、溶剂的性质以及可溶和不溶性添加剂的使用来调节。冷藏箱独特的大孔形态,结合渗透、化学和机械稳定性,使其成为大型实体(如蛋白质聚集体、膜片段、病毒、细胞器甚至整个细胞)色谱分析的有吸引力的基质。特别注意的是病毒在低温吸附剂上的免疫吸附。作为色谱材料,冷冻液既可以以珠状形式使用,也可以在色谱柱内合成海绵状圆柱形块(单体)。低温材料的大孔性质也有利于它们作为基质在水溶剂和有机溶剂中固定化生物催化剂。讨论了低温剂的潜在新应用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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