Removal of organochlorine pesticides using zerovalent iron supported on biochar nanocomposite from Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan) fruit peel waste

Abstract

Unique zerovalent iron (Fe⁰) supported on biochar nanocomposite (Fe⁰-B_RtP) was synthesized from Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan) fruit peel waste and were applied for the simultaneous removal of 6 selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous medium. During facile synthesis of Fe⁰-B_RtP, Rambutan peel extract was used as the green reducing mediator to reduce Fe²⁺ to zerovalent iron (Fe⁰), instead of toxic sodium borohydride which were used for chemical synthesis. For comparison, chemically synthesized Fe⁰-B_Che nanocomposite was also prepared in this work. Characterization study confirmed the successful synthesis and dispersion of Fe⁰ nanoparticles on biochar surface. Batch experiments revealed that Fe⁰-B_RtP and Fe⁰-B_Che nanocomposites combine the advantage of adsorption and dechlorination of OCPs in aqueous medium and up to 96–99% and 83–91% removal was obtained within 120 and 150 min, respectively at initial pH 4. Nevertheless, the reactivity of Fe⁰-B_Che nanocomposite decreased 2 folds after being aged in air for one month, whilst Fe⁰-B_RtP almost remained the same. Adsorption isotherm of OCPs were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and then to Freundlich isotherm. The experimental kinetic data were fitted first to pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model and then to pseudo-first-order reduction kinetic model. The adsorption mechanism involves π-π electron-donor-acceptor interaction and adsorption is facilitated by the hydrophobic sorption and pore filling. After being reused five times, the removal efficiency of regenerated Fe⁰-B_Che and Fe⁰-B_RtP was 5–13% and 89–92%, respectively. The application of this Fe⁰-B_RtP nanocomposite could represent a green and low-cost potential material for adsorption and subsequent reduction of OCPs in aquatic system.