Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Online and Offline Gambling Among Medical Sciences Students in Central-Southern Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Introduction: Gambling, as a high-risk behavior among university students, may pose a serious threat to their mental and physical health. This study aimed to identify the primary determinants of online and offline gambling prevalence among students.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 892 students selected from three major medical universities in Central-Southern Iran, using convenience sampling. Lifetime and past-year online and offline gambling using a structured questionnaire. Survey-weighted univariate and multiple logistic regressions examined associations between variables and gambling prevalence.

Findings: The prevalence of offline gambling was [17.89% (95% CI: (15.45%, 20.61%)] in the past year and [26.48%, 95% CI: (23.63%, 29.53%)] over a lifetime. The prevalence of online gambling was [13.61%, 95% CI: (11.45%, 16.09%)] in the past year and [19.45%, 95% CI: (16.92%, 22.26%)] over a lifetime. Excitement and challenge [OR=3.22, 95% CI: (1.43,7.26)] and having suicidal thoughts [OR=2.98, 95% CI: (1.18,7.49)] were both factors that increased the odds of lifetime offline gambling. Also, factors such as earning money [OR=4.44, 95% CI: (1.69, 11.70)], the use of mobile phones and computers [OR=3.14, 95% CI: (1.50, 6.60)], and having a sexual relationship outside of marriage [OR=2.22, 95% CI: (1.19, 4.14)] increased the odds of lifetime online gambling. Participating in sports activities reduced the odds of lifetime online gambling [OR=0.23, 95% CI: (0.10, 0.54)].

Conclusion: High-risk activities increase the chance of constantly engaging in gambling. Seeking excitement and spending more time on mobile and computer games puts students at greater risk of gambling. Effectively preventing harm requires addressing youth challenges, promoting responsible digital engagement, and developing recreational facilities, especially sports venues.