Programmed Curing Directs Nanophase Organization in Active Ester-Cured Epoxies for Strong Adhesion, Toughness, and Recyclability

Abstract

Sequentially reactive active ester hardeners create a pre-gelation structural-evolution window in low-hydroxyl epoxy networks. Through coordinated dodecyl/furfuryl curing, C12 segments form confined alkyl-rich nanodomains, while ester-containing species accumulate at metal interfaces, combining low dielectric response, strong adhesion, hydrothermal stability, and acid-triggered recovery of feedstocks and encapsulated components for sustainable electronic packaging.