{"title":"Team cognition in remote maritime operations: a scoping review and cross-domain theoretical synthesis.","authors":"Jonas Josten","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843838","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Remote maritime operations increasingly depend on complex, distributed socio-technical systems in which safe and effective performance relies on team cognition rather than on individual decision-making alone. Despite its importance, the conceptualisation and measurement of team cognition in this domain remain fragmented and underdeveloped.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Searches of SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost yielded 162 records, of which 51 publications (35 journal articles and 16 conference proceedings, published between 2010 and 2025) were included after screening, retrieval assessment, and expert recommendation. The included publications were thematically analysed using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five themes emerged: (1) situation awareness and its measurement and modelling, (2) collective team cognition, learning, and training, (3) human-autonomy teaming and remote collaboration, (4) visualisation and interface design for shared cognition, and (5) maritime applications of distributed cognition. The evidence demonstrates a shift from static, individual-based models toward dynamic, interaction-driven, and system-level accounts, in which team cognition arises from ongoing interactions among human agents, technical artefacts, and environmental constraints.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings indicate that shared and distributed situation awareness is central to coordination and safety in remote maritime operations. Key challenges include integrating autonomous systems, designing interfaces that support distributed sensemaking, and reliably measuring team cognition. Enhancing remote maritime safety requires aligning design, training, and regulatory frameworks with the principles of distributed cognition. Future research should prioritise longitudinal and intervention-based validation in real-world operational contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12525,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Psychology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1843838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672215/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Psychology","FirstCategoryId":"102","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843838","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Remote maritime operations increasingly depend on complex, distributed socio-technical systems in which safe and effective performance relies on team cognition rather than on individual decision-making alone. Despite its importance, the conceptualisation and measurement of team cognition in this domain remain fragmented and underdeveloped.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Searches of SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost yielded 162 records, of which 51 publications (35 journal articles and 16 conference proceedings, published between 2010 and 2025) were included after screening, retrieval assessment, and expert recommendation. The included publications were thematically analysed using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach.
Results: Five themes emerged: (1) situation awareness and its measurement and modelling, (2) collective team cognition, learning, and training, (3) human-autonomy teaming and remote collaboration, (4) visualisation and interface design for shared cognition, and (5) maritime applications of distributed cognition. The evidence demonstrates a shift from static, individual-based models toward dynamic, interaction-driven, and system-level accounts, in which team cognition arises from ongoing interactions among human agents, technical artefacts, and environmental constraints.
Discussion: The findings indicate that shared and distributed situation awareness is central to coordination and safety in remote maritime operations. Key challenges include integrating autonomous systems, designing interfaces that support distributed sensemaking, and reliably measuring team cognition. Enhancing remote maritime safety requires aligning design, training, and regulatory frameworks with the principles of distributed cognition. Future research should prioritise longitudinal and intervention-based validation in real-world operational contexts.
远程海上作业越来越依赖于复杂的分布式社会技术系统，其中安全有效的性能依赖于团队认知，而不仅仅是个人决策。尽管它很重要，但在这一领域中，团队认知的概念化和测量仍然是碎片化和不发达的。方法：根据系统评价和荟萃分析扩展范围评价的首选报告项目（PRISMA-ScR）进行范围评价。在SCOPUS、Web of Science和EBSCOhost中检索162条记录，经筛选、检索评估和专家推荐，纳入51篇出版物（35篇期刊文章和16篇会议论文集，出版时间为2010 - 2025年）。使用混合演绎-归纳方法对纳入的出版物进行主题分析。研究结果：共涉及五大主题：(1)态势感知及其测量与建模；(2)集体团队认知、学习与培训；(3)人类自主团队与远程协作；(4)共享认知的可视化与界面设计；(5)分布式认知的海事应用。证据表明，从静态的、基于个人的模型向动态的、交互驱动的和系统级的模型转变，在这种模型中，团队认知产生于人类代理、技术工件和环境约束之间持续的交互。讨论：研究结果表明，共享和分布式态势感知对于远程海上行动的协调和安全至关重要。关键的挑战包括集成自主系统，设计支持分布式语义的接口，以及可靠地测量团队认知。加强远程海上安全需要将设计、培训和监管框架与分布式认知原则相结合。未来的研究应优先考虑在实际操作环境中进行纵向和基于干预的验证。
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Psychology is the largest journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across the psychological sciences, from clinical research to cognitive science, from perception to consciousness, from imaging studies to human factors, and from animal cognition to social psychology. Field Chief Editor Axel Cleeremans at the Free University of Brussels is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. The journal publishes the best research across the entire field of psychology. Today, psychological science is becoming increasingly important at all levels of society, from the treatment of clinical disorders to our basic understanding of how the mind works. It is highly interdisciplinary, borrowing questions from philosophy, methods from neuroscience and insights from clinical practice - all in the goal of furthering our grasp of human nature and society, as well as our ability to develop new intervention methods.
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