{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Facial Feminization Surgery: From Automated Analysis to Patient-Centered Virtual Surgical Planning.","authors":"Michel Beyer, Florian Markus Thieringer","doi":"10.1016/j.coms.2026.09.004","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Facial feminization surgery is central to gender-affirming craniofacial care, combining skeletal and soft tissue procedures that align facial appearance with gender identity and improve psychosocial well-being. Because the forehead, supraorbital rims, orbits, zygoma, nose, mandible, and chin strongly shape gender perception, careful planning is essential. Virtual surgical planning enables 3-dimensional analysis, simulation, patient communication, and safe transfer of the plan to the operating room. Artificial intelligence may automate segmentation, measurement, and parts of planning, while classifiers, morphing, and predictive shape models can help individualize feminization goals, constrained by surgical safety, patient autonomy, soft-tissue uncertainty, and surgeon judgment.</p>","PeriodicalId":53153,"journal":{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2026.09.004","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Facial feminization surgery is central to gender-affirming craniofacial care, combining skeletal and soft tissue procedures that align facial appearance with gender identity and improve psychosocial well-being. Because the forehead, supraorbital rims, orbits, zygoma, nose, mandible, and chin strongly shape gender perception, careful planning is essential. Virtual surgical planning enables 3-dimensional analysis, simulation, patient communication, and safe transfer of the plan to the operating room. Artificial intelligence may automate segmentation, measurement, and parts of planning, while classifiers, morphing, and predictive shape models can help individualize feminization goals, constrained by surgical safety, patient autonomy, soft-tissue uncertainty, and surgeon judgment.
期刊介绍：
Published four times a year—February, May, August, and November—Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America updates you on the latest trends in patient management and the newest advances, as well as provides a sound basis for choosing treatment options. Under the direction of an experienced guest editor, each issue focuses on a single topic in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Topics include reconstructive surgery, implants, dentoalveolar surgery, cleft and craniofacial surgery, craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery, TMJ, and cosmetic surgery.
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