Cancer as a function of gender.

Abstract

Background: Cancer, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, exhibits substantial gender differences.

Objective: Examine evidence on incidence, mortality, clinical behavior, and outcomes in men and women, with emphasis on gynecological tumors and the most frequent cancers globally and in Mexico.

Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted on cancer by gender and age in various databases, considering clinical studies, systemic analyses, epidemiology, current and combined treatments, inequalities and biases in research, systems and clinical practice, fertility, participation in palliative care, and the impact of cancer on family and society.

Results: Differences in tolerance and side effects of cancer treatment were observed, with differential mechanisms in metabolic, genomic, immunological, and hormonal pathways. For women, social determinants, research biases, underrepresentation in clinical trials, and barriers to access are analyzed. Women's participation in palliative care is examined, taking into account the transition from caregivers to patients receiving care. The relevance of women's role in family cohesion is considered in minimizing the impact of cancer on the mother's children, as well as the specific challenges young women face regarding future fertility.

Conclusions: Consider gender differences in the side effects of systemic cancer treatment. It is essential to integrate a gender perspective with an intersectional feminist approach at all levels: research, public policy, and clinical practice, to achieve better health outcomes, higher quality of life, and social justice. Strengthen palliative care and provide specific support to young women regarding fertility and to those transitioning from caregivers to patients. Incorporating a feminist perspective in oncology constitutes a necessary component to ensure equity in healthcare.