{"title":"Osteological Analysis of Victims of the Yue Penalty During the Warring States Period (475-221 bce) in Shandong, China","authors":"Ziwei Wen, Daohua Hao, Hao Mei, Xinyue Zou, Hongming Zhou, Baitong Wang, Xinyi Wang, Xiaolu Mao, Jiaxin Tang, Huan Li, Chuan-Chao Wang, Qun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/oa.70170","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n <p>This study focused on two individuals with lower limbs amputated from the Warring States period (475–221 <span>bce</span>) in the Qinglanfu Cemetery in Linzi, Shandong. Through macroscopic observation, measurement, and CT scanning, we found that M871 was a 35 to 39-year-old female whose left tibia and fibula were amputated at the distal end with healed signs, whereas M932 was a male around 35 years old, with both lower limbs amputated at the distal end. The healing conditions show that both individuals survived the amputation. It is inferred that they suffered limb amputation because of the <i>Yue</i> penalty. This study is the only amputation case in the Qi State and the only bilateral lower limb amputation case discovered in China to date, which provides important evidence for exploring the <i>Yue</i> penalty in ancient China and, in particular, insight into the penal system of the Qi state during the Chinese Warring States period.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 5","pages":"1304-1310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","FirstCategoryId":"98","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.70170","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/9/15 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ANTHROPOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study focused on two individuals with lower limbs amputated from the Warring States period (475–221 bce) in the Qinglanfu Cemetery in Linzi, Shandong. Through macroscopic observation, measurement, and CT scanning, we found that M871 was a 35 to 39-year-old female whose left tibia and fibula were amputated at the distal end with healed signs, whereas M932 was a male around 35 years old, with both lower limbs amputated at the distal end. The healing conditions show that both individuals survived the amputation. It is inferred that they suffered limb amputation because of the Yue penalty. This study is the only amputation case in the Qi State and the only bilateral lower limb amputation case discovered in China to date, which provides important evidence for exploring the Yue penalty in ancient China and, in particular, insight into the penal system of the Qi state during the Chinese Warring States period.
期刊介绍：
The aim of the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology is to provide a forum for the publication of papers dealing with all aspects of the study of human and animal bones from archaeological contexts. The journal will publish original papers dealing with human or animal bone research from any area of the world. It will also publish short papers which give important preliminary observations from work in progress and it will publish book reviews. All papers will be subject to peer review. The journal will be aimed principally towards all those with a professional interest in the study of human and animal bones. This includes archaeologists, anthropologists, human and animal bone specialists, palaeopathologists and medical historians.
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