Phthalocyanine-based metal-organic frameworks: from molecular design to functional devices

Abstract

Phthalocyanine-based metal-organic frameworks (Pc-MOFs) are rapidly emerging as a distinctive subclass of coordination materials with unique optoelectronic features and structural versatility. Their extended π-conjugation, capacity for metalation, and stability under operational conditions make them attractive for applications where conventional MOFs have often shown limitations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of Pc-MOF chemistry, with emphasis on their synthetic design, structural diversity, and functional integration. Then, we examine their most relevant applications across three main areas: (1) Sensing. Pc-MOFs have enabled chemiresistive, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical devices with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and low detection limits. (2) Catalysis. Studies in CO₂ valorization and oxygen electrocatalysis demonstrate that Pc-MOFs can achieve competitive performance by exploiting their electronic structure and redox-active centers, although the scope of explored reactions remains relatively limited. (3) Energy storage. The use of Pc-MOFs in supercapacitors and batteries has revealed promising charge-storage capacities, high cycling stability, and mechanical flexibility, pointing to their suitability for next-generation electrochemical devices. While Pc-MOFs still represent an emerging field with relatively few examples compared to other functional MOFs, the available evidence underlines their vast potential. The combination of phthalocyanine linkers with reticular chemistry offers unprecedented opportunities for rational material design. We foresee that continued progress in synthetic diversification and integration strategies will unlock their applicability not only in sensing, catalysis, and energy, but also in broader areas such as biomedicine, environmental remediation, and optoelectronics, in the upcoming years.