{"title":"Temporal trend analysis of the global prevalence of vision impairment and blindness attributable to diabetes from 1990 to 2021.","authors":"Xiuquan Lin, Chenglin Yang, Xiaoru Lin, Chongwen Zhao, Xiaoxi Wang, Xinyan Wang, YangJiang Ou, Yefa Zhang, Fanxiang Zeng, Dong Liang, Weimin Ye","doi":"10.1007/s12020-026-04774-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to systematically assess the burden and temporal patterns of vision impairment due to diabetes mellitus (DM), including moderate vision loss (MVL), severe vision loss (SVL), and blindness, and to identify the demographic drivers of future changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to evaluate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on diabetes-related vision impairment, with analyses stratified by diabetes type, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Decomposition analysis was further conducted to quantify the relative contributions of population aging, population growth, and epidemiological changes to projected changes in prevalent case numbers through 2030.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>the age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) of blindness due to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) continued to rise [males: average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 0.82% (95%CI 0.40-1.23); females: AAPC = 1.31% (95%CI 0.86-1.77)]. The age effect indicated that older populations were at higher risk. Meanwhile, the cohort effect revealed that in regions with high Sociodemographic Index (SDI), high-middle SDI, and middle SDI, later-born cohorts had a significantly higher risk of diabetes-related vision impairment compared to earlier-born cohorts. Globally and in most regions, population growth was the main driver of increased in the number of prevalent MVL and SVL cases, whereas epidemiological change contributed most to increases in prevalent blindness cases. However, population aging had a particularly substantial impact in East Asia, High-income Asia Pacific, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The global burden of vision impairment due to DM increased continuously. Older populations represented high-risk groups, and the burden varied by sex, diabetes type, and socioeconomic development, with T2DM contributing most to the overall increase in diabetes-related vision impairment. Although population growth and epidemiological changes were major contributors, the impact of population aging in certain regions was also noteworthy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49211,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Endocrine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-026-04774-6","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background: This study aimed to systematically assess the burden and temporal patterns of vision impairment due to diabetes mellitus (DM), including moderate vision loss (MVL), severe vision loss (SVL), and blindness, and to identify the demographic drivers of future changes.
Methods: An age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to evaluate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on diabetes-related vision impairment, with analyses stratified by diabetes type, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Decomposition analysis was further conducted to quantify the relative contributions of population aging, population growth, and epidemiological changes to projected changes in prevalent case numbers through 2030.
Results: the age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) of blindness due to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) continued to rise [males: average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 0.82% (95%CI 0.40-1.23); females: AAPC = 1.31% (95%CI 0.86-1.77)]. The age effect indicated that older populations were at higher risk. Meanwhile, the cohort effect revealed that in regions with high Sociodemographic Index (SDI), high-middle SDI, and middle SDI, later-born cohorts had a significantly higher risk of diabetes-related vision impairment compared to earlier-born cohorts. Globally and in most regions, population growth was the main driver of increased in the number of prevalent MVL and SVL cases, whereas epidemiological change contributed most to increases in prevalent blindness cases. However, population aging had a particularly substantial impact in East Asia, High-income Asia Pacific, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe.
Conclusion: The global burden of vision impairment due to DM increased continuously. Older populations represented high-risk groups, and the burden varied by sex, diabetes type, and socioeconomic development, with T2DM contributing most to the overall increase in diabetes-related vision impairment. Although population growth and epidemiological changes were major contributors, the impact of population aging in certain regions was also noteworthy.
期刊介绍：
Well-established as a major journal in today’s rapidly advancing experimental and clinical research areas, Endocrine publishes original articles devoted to basic (including molecular, cellular and physiological studies), translational and clinical research in all the different fields of endocrinology and metabolism. Articles will be accepted based on peer-reviews, priority, and editorial decision. Invited reviews, mini-reviews and viewpoints on relevant pathophysiological and clinical topics, as well as Editorials on articles appearing in the Journal, are published. Unsolicited Editorials will be evaluated by the editorial team. Outcomes of scientific meetings, as well as guidelines and position statements, may be submitted. The Journal also considers special feature articles in the field of endocrine genetics and epigenetics, as well as articles devoted to novel methods and techniques in endocrinology.
Endocrine covers controversial, clinical endocrine issues. Meta-analyses on endocrine and metabolic topics are also accepted. Descriptions of single clinical cases and/or small patients studies are not published unless of exceptional interest. However, reports of novel imaging studies and endocrine side effects in single patients may be considered. Research letters and letters to the editor related or unrelated to recently published articles can be submitted.
Endocrine covers leading topics in endocrinology such as neuroendocrinology, pituitary and hypothalamic peptides, thyroid physiological and clinical aspects, bone and mineral metabolism and osteoporosis, obesity, lipid and energy metabolism and food intake control, insulin, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, hormones of male and female reproduction, adrenal diseases pediatric and geriatric endocrinology, endocrine hypertension and endocrine oncology.
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