Emerging nanostructured platforms for improved oral delivery of antidiabetic agents: overcoming physiological barriers and enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder affecting over 537 million individuals worldwide, represents one of the most burdensome global health challenges of the 21st century. Despite the availability of numerous oral antidiabetic agents, their therapeutic effectiveness is significantly compromised by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment, extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, low membrane permeability, and inadequate systemic bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as transformative platforms capable of circumventing these multifaceted physiological and biopharmaceutical limitations.

Objective: This comprehensive review critically evaluates the landscape of nanostructured platforms designed to enhance oral bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes of antidiabetic agents, with particular emphasis on mechanistic insights into nanoparticle-epithelial interactions, surface functionalization strategies using targeting ligands (lectins, transferrin, folic acid, bile acid conjugates), and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms.

Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for articles published between January 2010 and 2026, with emphasis on publications from 2022 to 2026. We systematically analyzed and compared eleven distinct nanocarrier platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), liposomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and hybrid nanocomposites, evaluating how each platform addresses specific absorption barriers including GI enzymatic degradation, mucus layer penetration, enterocyte uptake, and efflux pump activity.

Results: Rational formulation design, in vitro-in vivo correlations, and pharmacokinetic enhancement data indicate that nanoformulated antidiabetic drugs consistently outperform conventional formulations in bioavailability and absorption across multiple drug classes and delivery platforms. Emerging paradigms including exosome-inspired nanocarriers, CRISPR-integrated systems, and artificial intelligence-guided formulation optimization further extend the mechanistic and translational scope of oral nanomedicine for diabetes management.

Conclusion: Nanostructured platforms offer a mechanistically diverse and increasingly translatable strategy for overcoming the physiological and biopharmaceutical barriers that limit oral antidiabetic therapy. Realizing their full clinical potential will require continued progress in addressing translational challenges, harmonizing regulatory frameworks, and advancing scalable manufacturing toward clinically viable oral nanomedicines for diabetes management.