Biomedical High-Entropy Alloys: From Composition and Processing to Clinic Implants

Abstract

Orthopedic implant demand is rising as osteoarticular pathologies caused by trauma and infection increase, as well as the global population ages. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted growing interest for biomedical use because they can combine high strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and promising biocompatibility. Their multi-principal-element compositions and associated core effects enable microstructure and property combinations that differ from those of conventional alloys. This review systematically summarizes key design concepts and processing strategies for biomedical high-entropy alloys (bio-HEAs). Furthermore, we evaluate advanced fabrication routes, such as additive manufacturing, to achieve properties tailored to specific clinical requirements. By introducing machine learning-assisted alloy design, we finally discuss the potential of bio-HEAs to overcome the current limitations of conventional implant materials and also survey in detail their emerging applications in orthopedic implants, dental restorations, and cardiovascular stents. Overall, this review offers insights into the structure–function interplay of bio-HEAs and provides critical guidance for their future clinical translation.