Effect of LPBF build efficiency on oxide inclusions and toughness of maraging stainless steel

IF 4.4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Materials Science Pub Date : 2026-09-17 DOI:10.1007/s10853-026-13698-5

Chao Wang, Lilin Wang, Xin Lin, Yajing Sun, Geng Liu, Jie Su

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Abstract

In LPBF maraging steel, processing efficiency is strongly correlated with microstructure and oxide inclusions, which in turn affect mechanical properties. This study doubled the processing efficiency to examine how it alters oxide characteristics and properties. High‑efficiency samples had coarser and more abundant micron‑scale oxides (2.24 μm, 41.7 /mm²) than low‑efficiency ones (2.17 μm, 27 /mm²), but fewer and larger nano‑scale oxides (6.17 × 10¹⁹ /m³, 31 nm vs. 1.35 × 10²⁰/m³, 27 nm). Heat treatment did not change oxides, eliminated cellular substructures, and produced similar retained austenite. Despite comparable tensile strengths, low‑efficiency samples exhibited much higher toughness (195 vs. 160 J at 25 °C; 106 vs. 88 J at −196 °C), primarily due to oxide differences. Modelling suggests slower cooling in high‑efficiency processing suppresses nucleation but enhances growth, while stronger convection drives oxides to the surface, leaving more micron‑sized oxides internally after track overlaps. Hence, build efficiency must be carefully balanced to optimize oxide behavior and toughness.

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LPBF生成效率对马氏体时效不锈钢氧化物夹杂物和韧性的影响

在LPBF马氏体时效钢中，加工效率与组织和氧化物夹杂物密切相关，进而影响其力学性能。本研究将处理效率提高了一倍，以研究它如何改变氧化物的特性和性质。高效样品的微米级氧化物（2.24 μm, 41.7 /mm2）比低效样品（2.17 μm, 27 /mm2）更粗、更丰富，但纳米级氧化物（6.17 × 1019 /m3, 31 nm vs. 1.35 × 1020/m3, 27 nm）更少、更大。热处理不改变氧化物，消除细胞亚结构，并产生类似的残余奥氏体。尽管抗拉强度相当，但低效率样品表现出更高的韧性（25°C时195 vs. 160 J； - 196°C时106 vs. 88 J），主要是由于氧化物的差异。模型表明，在高效率的加工过程中，较慢的冷却抑制了成核，但促进了生长，而更强的对流将氧化物驱至表面，在轨道重叠后在内部留下更多微米级的氧化物。因此，必须仔细平衡构建效率，以优化氧化物行为和韧性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Materials Science 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

4.40%

发文量

1297

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Materials Science publishes reviews, full-length papers, and short Communications recording original research results on, or techniques for studying the relationship between structure, properties, and uses of materials. The subjects are seen from international and interdisciplinary perspectives covering areas including metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, electrical materials, composite materials, fibers, nanostructured materials, nanocomposites, and biological and biomedical materials. The Journal of Materials Science is now firmly established as the leading source of primary communication for scientists investigating the structure and properties of all engineering materials.