Radiation-Related Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Medical Imaging Among the General Population in Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Abstract

Introduction: Medical imaging is widely used in Iraq, but evidence regarding public knowledge of radiation-related risks and attitudes toward radiation safety and communication is limited. This study assessed radiation-related knowledge, attitudes, safety practices, and information provision among adults in Iraq, and examined associated factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional online convenience survey was conducted among 1274 adults in Iraq. Participants were recruited through a Google Forms link distributed via Facebook, WhatsApp, Viber, and Telegram. The questionnaire assessed demographics, previous radiation exposure, radiation-related knowledge, attitudes toward radiation safety, and information-seeking practices. Knowledge and attitude scores were analysed using descriptive statistics and quantile regression.

Results: The sample was evenly distributed by sex and was predominantly aged 18-30 years (n = 786, 61.7%) and urban residents (n = 830, 65.1%). Median knowledge was 5/10 (IQR: 3-7) and median attitude was 17/25 (IQR: 15-18). Most participants recognized cancer and reproductive risks associated with radiation exposure, but important knowledge gaps remained regarding CT dose equivalence and the non-ionizing nature of MRI. Participants generally reported cautious attitudes toward repeated radiation exposure and positive views toward radiation-safety education, although perceptions of warning signs and direct communication with healthcare professionals were less favourable. No demographic, educational, work/study-field, residence, or radiation-exposure variable was significantly associated with knowledge in the adjusted model, whereas a higher knowledge score and female gender were associated with higher attitude scores.

Conclusions: Substantial gaps in radiation-related understanding persist despite widespread imaging use. Attitudes toward radiation safety were generally cautious and supportive of education, but direct engagement with healthcare professionals was limited. Structured patient education and clearer communication about imaging benefits, risks, and safety measures may improve radiation literacy and informed attitudes toward medical imaging.