Sex-specific effects of automated feeding on lifespan and reproduction in Nothobranchius furzeri.

Abstract

Introduction: Nothobranchius furzeri, commonly known as African turquoise killifish, has emerged as a powerful model organism in diverse biological research areas owing to its exceptionally short lifespan of 4-6 months. Dietary choices can significantly impact the physiology of this fish and its median longevity, prompting considerations on live versus dry food and feeding frequencies.

Methods: Here, we present a novel, cost-effective, and modular automated feeding system for N. furzeri, capable of delivering up to 36 feedings per day with high precision. Using this system, we conducted a comprehensive, multi-parametric analysis comparing the effects of three commercially available dry diets varying in protein and fat content and live chironomid larvae (bloodworms), administered either via high-frequency automated feeding or manual twice-daily feeding.

Results: A continuous diet of 24-36 feedings per day increased fish growth in weight but not in length compared to a standard twice-daily regimen. Unexpectedly, while male lifespan remained unaffected by feeding regimen or diet, females subjected to high-frequency automated feeding showed reduced longevity, particularly with high-calorie diets. Additionally, pooled reproductive profiles suggested that reproductive output was associated with dietary fat and protein content as well as feeding frequency. Greater delivered food availability, particularly under high-frequency feeding with energy-rich diets, was associated with increased egg production, reduced embryo survival, and a shortened reproductive period.

Discussion: Together, these findings provide important insights for optimizing husbandry and experimental design in N. furzeri, supporting its broader application as a high-throughput vertebrate model.