Deterioro cognitivo y demencia: hacia la detección precoz. Biomarcadores en líquido y pruebas neuropsicológicas digitales. Nuevos tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad e intervenciones digitales

Abstract

Cognitive impairment and dementia are common neurological syndromes associated with aging with a growing impact on clinical practice. This update reviews the main advances in the detection and management of cognitive impairment with a special focus on biomarkers and cognitive assessment tools. It describes the biological basis of the most prevalent forms of dementia and the role of plasma biomarkers, highlighting phosphorylated tau (particularly p-tau217) along with GFAP, Aβ42/40, and light neurofilament as aids in diagnosis and etiological characterization. It also analyzes digital neuropsychological tests, such as the Digital Clock and Recall and the Digital Clock Drawing Test, which allow for an objective and standardized assessment of various cognitive domains. The article also discusses currently available disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease and the main digital interventions used in mild cognitive impairment and dementia.