Recent progress in photocatalytic green hydrogen production using rare earth metal-based photocatalysts

Abstract

Photocatalytic procedures for green hydrogen production through water splitting processes now demand substantial study as a viable renewable technology to substitute fossil fuels. The combination of rare earth metals proves highly effective in photocatalysis because their light-absorption capabilities match well with unique electronic features while showing steady performance under irradiation. The paper offers an extensive summary of present developments in rare earth metal photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis applications in clean hydrogen production. The materials demonstrate critical importance in solving the worldwide need for a sustainable energy supply. The review investigates how rare earth metals possess advanced electronic characteristics, which strengthen photocatalytic functioning as well as stability, and presents methods for preparation that include sol–gel processes, hydrothermal synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition production techniques. The article examines nano-structuring along with doping techniques and composite development, and band gap controller advances, which serve to boost solar illumination durability and photoactivity. Large-scale hydrogen production systems that integrate rare earth metal-based photocatalysts must have practical implementation examined in addition to economic efficiency and environmental impact analysis. A forward-looking analysis of rare earth metal-based photocatalyst development for artificial photosynthesis is presented in this review by examining new trends and research opportunities and technical hurdles to expect in the coming years, according to technological, environmental, and economic factors. The research highlights how rare-earth metal-based photocatalysts can serve as a medium to transform clean hydrogen production methods.