{"title":"Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.","authors":"Isaac T Cheng, Huan Meng, Ho So, Lai Shan Tam","doi":"10.3390/biom16091345","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spondyloarthritis encompasses a spectrum of inflammatory diseases, including axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral forms such as psoriatic arthritis. Chronic inflammation is closely linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease in these patients. Beyond inflammatory burden, biological sex and sex hormones may modify both inflammatory pathways and CV risk. Although the mechanisms underlying sex differences in spondyloarthritis remain incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests clinically relevant differences in disease manifestations, inflammatory activity, and CV outcomes between males and females. This review summarizes current evidence on the interplay between sex, sex hormones, inflammatory burden, and CV risk in patients with spondyloarthritis, and highlights potential implications for risk stratification and future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8943,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecules","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604121/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biomolecules","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16091345","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis encompasses a spectrum of inflammatory diseases, including axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral forms such as psoriatic arthritis. Chronic inflammation is closely linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease in these patients. Beyond inflammatory burden, biological sex and sex hormones may modify both inflammatory pathways and CV risk. Although the mechanisms underlying sex differences in spondyloarthritis remain incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests clinically relevant differences in disease manifestations, inflammatory activity, and CV outcomes between males and females. This review summarizes current evidence on the interplay between sex, sex hormones, inflammatory burden, and CV risk in patients with spondyloarthritis, and highlights potential implications for risk stratification and future research.
BiomoleculesBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Molecular Biology
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
3.60%
发文量
1640
审稿时长
18.28 days
期刊介绍：
Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal focusing on biogenic substances and their biological functions, structures, interactions with other molecules, and their microenvironment as well as biological systems. Biomolecules publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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