Physicochemical characterization of a drug-loaded nanosponge for endodontic regeneration.

Abstract

Background: Regenerative endodontics requires drug delivery systems that are both antimicrobial and bioactive to achieve favorable clinical outcomes.

Aim: The aim of the study was to develop and characterize a β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge incorporated with lyophilized platelet concentrate (Ly-PRF) and a modified triple antibiotic paste (m-TAP) to support endodontic regeneration.

Materials and methods: β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge was fabricated and combined with Ly-PRF, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and clindamycin (m-TAP) to obtain the drug-loaded nanosponge (DLNS). It was characterized for surface morphology (SEM), crystallinity (XRD), particle size and polydispersity (PDI), functional group interactions (FTIR), drug release (UV), pH analysis, calcium ion release profile, solubility and zeta potential.

Results: The DLNS exhibited a porous, sponge-like morphology, whereas the XRD analysis confirmed their amorphous state. Drug release profile revealed a moderate, short-term release of antibiotics followed by sustained release over 14 days. Calcium ions released peaked on day 7 and then declined. The formulation demonstrated a zeta potential value of -24.32 mV, indicating moderate stability and a limited aqueous solubility of 4.9%, suitable for sustained drug release.

Conclusion: The DLNS formulation demonstrated several favorable physicochemical characteristics essential for intra-canal delivery of drugs and growth factors to support regeneration.