Vanadium–titanium catalysts in oxidative catalysis: from surface structures to reaction mechanisms and applications

Abstract

Vanadium–titanium (V–Ti) catalysts, featuring high activity, selectivity, thermal stability, and sulfur resistance, play a pivotal role in typical oxidation reactions, including aromatic selective oxidation, selective catalytic reduction, volatile organic compounds abatement, and oxidation of sulfur-containing species. This review focuses on the fundamental structures and chemical properties of V–Ti catalysts, highlighting the regulatory roles of catalyst composition, interfacial microstructure, and preparation methods in governing catalytic performance. Modification strategies, including crystal facet/phase engineering, morphology control, elemental doping, and defect construction, are systematically discussed with respect to their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the recent advances in the application of V–Ti catalysts in selective and deep oxidation reactions relevant to industrial oxidation processes are summarized, with emphasis on the corresponding catalytic mechanisms. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing the design of efficient, stable, and environmentally benign catalysts, coupled with advanced characterization techniques to deepen mechanistic understanding and promote their industrial applications in industrial catalysis, fine chemicals, and environmental remediation.