Modulation of mitochondrial gene expression by the “Irish moss” chondrus crispus invernal seaweed

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate whether specific genes are positively regulated (upregulated) or negatively regulated (downregulated) by Chondrus crispus Invernal in myoblasts.

To evaluate whether specific genes are positively regulated (upregulated) or negatively regulated (downregulated) by Chondrus crispus Invernal in myoblasts.

Method

Myoblasts were treated for 24 hours with 0.5% of Chondrus crispus Invernal, while control cells remained untreated. Total mRNA was extracted, and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results were normalized using the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) assay, and target mRNA expression levels were calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. The experiments were conducted exclusively using commercially available Human Skeletal Myoblasts (HSKM; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco; Catalog No. A11440) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. As the study was performed solely with commercially available cell lines and did not involve human participants, the collection of human biological samples, or animal experimentation, approval from a Human Research Ethics Committee or an Animal Ethics Committee was not required.

Myoblasts were treated for 24 hours with 0.5% of Chondrus crispus Invernal, while control cells remained untreated. Total mRNA was extracted, and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results were normalized using the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) assay, and target mRNA expression levels were calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. The experiments were conducted exclusively using commercially available Human Skeletal Myoblasts (HSKM; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco; Catalog No. A11440) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. As the study was performed solely with commercially available cell lines and did not involve human participants, the collection of human biological samples, or animal experimentation, approval from a Human Research Ethics Committee or an Animal Ethics Committee was not required.

Results

Exposure to Chondrus crispus Invernal resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the mitochondrial genes MT-CYB, MT-CO1, MT-ND1, and MT-ATP6 compared with untreated cells (P < 0.05 or P < 0.1). These findings indicate that Chondrus crispus Invernal positively modulates (upregulates) the expression of mitochondrial genes, including MT-CYB and MT-CO1, which are involved in the electron transport chain of complexes III and IV, and MT-ND1 and MT-ATP6, which play key roles in the initiation of electron transfer in complex I. In addition, Chondrus crispus Invernal inhibits the expression of ATP5F1A, a natural inhibitor of ATP synthase.

Exposure to Chondrus crispus Invernal resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the mitochondrial genes MT-CYB, MT-CO1, MT-ND1, and MT-ATP6 compared with untreated cells (P < 0.05 or P < 0.1). These findings indicate that Chondrus crispus Invernal positively modulates (upregulates) the expression of mitochondrial genes, including MT-CYB and MT-CO1, which are involved in the electron transport chain of complexes III and IV, and MT-ND1 and MT-ATP6, which play key roles in the initiation of electron transfer in complex I. In addition, Chondrus crispus Invernal inhibits the expression of ATP5F1A, a natural inhibitor of ATP synthase.

Conclusion

The “Irish Moss” Chondrus crispus Invernal has the ability to positively regulate mitochondrial genes involved in ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, it modulates the gene encoding the ATP synthase inhibitor factor subunit 1, promoting optimal ATP synthesis under physiological conditions and contributing to enhanced muscle regeneration.

The “Irish Moss” Chondrus crispus Invernal has the ability to positively regulate mitochondrial genes involved in ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, it modulates the gene encoding the ATP synthase inhibitor factor subunit 1, promoting optimal ATP synthesis under physiological conditions and contributing to enhanced muscle regeneration.