The impact of electromagnetic radiation on human health: a narrative review of in vitro and in vivo evidence

Abstract

Purpose

The pervasive use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitting devices has raised public health concerns; however, a comprehensive synthesis of in vitro and in vivo evidence is lacking. This narrative review aims to critically evaluate the health impacts of EMR exposure, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a foundation for future research.

Methods

A literature search of Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (2000–2026) identified 17,240 records. After duplicate removal and title/abstract screening, 640 articles underwent full‑text assessment. Following exclusion of 525 articles (lack of sham/control, solely thermal effects, inaccessibility, non‑mammalian models), 115 studies were included. The relevant literature was reviewed and narratively synthesized.

Results

EMR exposure consistently induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis, with the nervous and reproductive systems being most vulnerable. Neurobehavioral impairments (anxiety, memory deficits, hippocampal damage) and reproductive toxicity (reduced sperm quality, testicular injury, hormonal dysregulation) were frequently reported. Outcomes are highly dependent on exposure parameters frequency, power density, duration, and modulation. Carcinogenicity evidence remains mixed: some animal studies report increased tumor incidence, while others show no effects.

Conclusion

EMR exposure, particularly at mobile communication frequencies, can induce biological effects primarily through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Future research should prioritize long‑term prospective human studies and real‑world multi‑frequency exposure scenarios.