Outcomes of Mirror Therapy Preceding Augmented Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract

ImportanceAlthough augmented reality (AR) may improve functional outcomes after stroke, the added benefit of mirror therapy (MT) as a priming strategy before AR remains uncertain. A three-arm comparison of MT + AR, AR alone, and conventional therapy (CT) is needed to clarify whether MT priming provides additional benefit.ObjectiveTo examine whether AR, with or without MT priming, improves sensorimotor function, balance, quality of life, and self-efficacy after stroke.DesignSingle-blind randomized controlled trial with 3-month follow-up.SettingFive outpatient rehabilitation clinics.ParticipantsSeventy-seven individuals with first-ever stroke were randomized to MT + AR (n = 26), AR (n = 26), or CT (n = 25).InterventionParticipants received 90-min sessions, 3 times/week for 6 weeks.Outcome MeasuresPrimary outcomes were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and Berg Balance Scale. Secondary outcomes included sensory function, arm activity/use, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Clinical significance was determined using the minimal clinically important difference (MCID).ResultsThe MT + AR group showed greater improvements in motor and sensory outcomes than AR and CT, with the highest portion of participants exceeding MCID among the three groups. Both MT + AR and AR demonstrated superior gains in balance, arm use, self-efficacy, and quality of life compared with CT, with a higher percentage exceeding MCID. Improvements were maintained at follow-up.Conclusions and RelevanceMT priming enhances AR effects on motor and sensory recovery. AR yields clinically meaningful improvements in function, participation, and quality of life after stroke.