From Enucleation to Prevention: Evolution of Germline Retinoblastoma Management.

Abstract

Retinoblastoma management has evolved from life-saving enucleation to globe preservation, vision preservation, and genetic prevention. Through three generations of one family, this article illustrates advances in radiotherapy, systemic and intravitreal chemotherapy, focal therapies, and preimplantation genetic testing, while highlighting persistent global disparities in diagnosis, treatment access, and outcomes worldwide today.