In situ monitoring of channel swelling in organic electrochemical transistors using a laser Doppler vibrometer

IF 42.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nature Electronics Pub Date : 2026-09-15 DOI:10.1038/s41928-026-01708-y

Ziyi Deng (, ), Siyu Zhang (, ), Jiahao Wang (, ), Donghao Li (, ), Jinhao Zhou (, ), Miao Xie (, ), Yixin Zhou (, ), Yueping Lai (, ), Wanxin Huang (, ), Zhuang Yang (, ), Zhongyou Lu (, ), Dianjue Liu (, ), Dan Zhao (, ), Jianhua Chen (, ), Ligang Huang (, ), Yuhua Cheng (, ), Lizhen Huang (, ), Liang-Wen Feng (, ), Cong Chen (, ), Wei Huang (, )

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Abstract

The operation of organic electrochemical transistors relies on the ionic doping and dedoping of organic mixed ionic–electronic semiconductor channels, which is accompanied by volumetric swelling of the channel. However, the monitoring of such swelling with high spatiotemporal resolution remains a challenge. Here we report a platform that is based on a laser Doppler vibrometer and can be used for the in situ monitoring of organic mixed ionic–electronic semiconductor channels. The approach can reconstruct swelling with a lateral resolution of 3 µm, a vertical resolution of 0.6 nm and a temporal resolution below 0.1 ms. We use the platform to examine swelling in different channels under distinct operating conditions, and observe a range of swelling magnitudes (around 4–400 nm) and distinct ionic (de)doping paths originating from the vertical channel edge. We identify pronounced localized swelling at the top electrode edge, which could lead to structural instability of the transistor. We suppress this mechanical degradation through encapsulation and develop organic electrochemical transistors that can endure more than 15 million full switching cycles, as well as organic artificial neurons that can operate for more than 15 days in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. A platform based on a laser Doppler vibrometer can be used to monitor channel swelling of organic electrochemical transistors with a lateral resolution of 3 µm, a vertical resolution of 0.6 nm and a temporal resolution of below 0.1 ms.

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用激光多普勒振动仪原位监测有机电化学晶体管沟道膨胀

有机电化学晶体管的工作依赖于有机混合离子-电子半导体通道的离子掺杂和脱掺杂，并伴随着通道的体积膨胀。然而，以高时空分辨率监测这种膨胀仍然是一个挑战。本文报道了一种基于激光多普勒测振仪的平台，该平台可用于有机混合离子-电子半导体通道的原位监测。该方法可以重建肿胀，横向分辨率为3µm，纵向分辨率为0.6 nm，时间分辨率低于0.1 ms。我们使用该平台研究了不同操作条件下不同通道中的溶胀，并观察了溶胀幅度范围（约4-400 nm）和源自垂直通道边缘的不同离子（de）掺杂路径。我们在电极顶部边缘发现了明显的局部膨胀，这可能导致晶体管的结构不稳定。我们通过封装来抑制这种机械退化，并开发出可以承受超过1500万次完整开关周期的有机电化学晶体管，以及可以在磷酸盐缓冲盐水溶液中工作超过15天的有机人工神经元。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Nature Electronics Engineering-Electrical and Electronic Engineering

CiteScore

47.50

自引率

2.30%

发文量

159

期刊介绍： Nature Electronics is a comprehensive journal that publishes both fundamental and applied research in the field of electronics. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the study of new phenomena and devices, the design and construction of electronic circuits, and the practical applications of electronics. In addition, the journal explores the commercial and industrial aspects of electronics research. The primary focus of Nature Electronics is on the development of technology and its potential impact on society. The journal incorporates the contributions of scientists, engineers, and industry professionals, offering a platform for their research findings. Moreover, Nature Electronics provides insightful commentary, thorough reviews, and analysis of the key issues that shape the field, as well as the technologies that are reshaping society. Like all journals within the prestigious Nature brand, Nature Electronics upholds the highest standards of quality. It maintains a dedicated team of professional editors and follows a fair and rigorous peer-review process. The journal also ensures impeccable copy-editing and production, enabling swift publication. Additionally, Nature Electronics prides itself on its editorial independence, ensuring unbiased and impartial reporting. In summary, Nature Electronics is a leading journal that publishes cutting-edge research in electronics. With its multidisciplinary approach and commitment to excellence, the journal serves as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and industry professionals seeking to stay at the forefront of advancements in the field.