A Biomimetic Strategy for Enamel Surface Repair: Mineralisation Induced by Small Organic Molecules

Abstract

The demineralisation of dental hard tissues, characterised by the breakdown of functional surface barriers (e.g., enamel crystals and dentin collagen-mineral interface), is the core pathology of caries and erosion. Although conventional treatments, such as fluoride and resin-based restorations, are prevalent, they are hampered by a narrow therapeutic window, the risk of fluorosis and the inability to achieve true biological regeneration. In response, biomimetic remineralisation strategies have emerged, focusing on functionally reconstructing these natural barriers rather than mere mineral deposition. This review highlights how small organic molecules (SOMs) pioneer this paradigm shift: amino acids direct hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallisation via electrostatic guidance; biomimetic peptides orchestrate ordered assembly and polyphenols synergistically cross-link collagen, exert antibacterial effects and promote mineralisation. Furthermore, molecules, such as citrate, enable intrafibrillar mineralisation, restoring the mechanical integrity of dentin. Collectively, these molecule-regulated biomimetic materials represent a promising frontier, advancing dental repair from passive replacement towards active functional regeneration.