Non-Contact Evaluation of Concrete Floor Abrasion Using 3D Optical Scanning

Abstract

This study investigates the applicability of non-contact 3D optical scanning for quantitative evaluation of abrasion damage in concrete floors and its consistency with the standard British Cement Association (BCA) abrasion test. Abrasion experiments were conducted under in situ conditions in accordance with the standard BCA abrasion test procedure, while surface wear was independently measured using a handheld metrology-grade 3D scanner supported by photogrammetric positioning and high-resolution local scanning. The acquired point cloud data were converted into triangular surface meshes and analysed using a mesh-to-mesh comparison approach, enabling spatially resolved assessment of abrasion depth. Fifteen measurement scenarios were examined to evaluate the influence of sampling density, point location strategy, and measurement technique. Statistical analysis based on the Shapiro–Wilk test and one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the observed variability of abrasion depth is governed primarily by heterogeneous surface damage rather than by the applied measurement method. The results show that 3D optical scanning provides abrasion-depth values consistent with conventional point-based measurements and does not affect abrasion-based material classification. Rather than replacing the standardized BCA procedure, the proposed approach complements its measurement stage by providing full-field geometric information that enables qualitative assessment of abrasion morphology, spatial variability and surface topography, thereby significantly enhancing the diagnostic capabilities of the test.