Large-Scale Measurement-Driven characterization of outdoor ambient RF power in Dubai for Battery-Free IoT and RF Energy-Harvesting planning

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-03 DOI:10.1016/j.seta.2026.105362

Mahmoud Kakouri, Obada Al-Khatib, Faisel Tubbal, Raad Raad, Wajid Ali Khan

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Abstract

This paper presents a measurement-driven characterization of the outdoor ambient RF environment in Dubai to support deployment planning for battery-free IoT systems and RF energy harvesting. These findings provide a quantitative basis for band selection, placement prioritization, and feasibility assessment, and can establish more realistic simulation environments. A large-scale drive-test survey was conducted using a Keysight N9914C FieldFox spectrum analyzer and a broadband omnidirectional antenna, logging GPS-tagged received power (dBm) at 50–60 m intervals over almost 200 km of routes. Eleven bands spanning sub-1 GHz broadcast and cellular frequencies through 5 GHz Wi-Fi were measured. The results show that ambient RF availability is dominated by sub-1 GHz frequency windows, with the 791–862 MHz measurement window exhibiting the strongest received power results, reaching a maximum of −5.57 dBm and exhibiting power above −20 dBm for 4.30% of samples, and above −30 dBm for 38.36%. In contrast, higher-frequency bands show negligible exceedance at these levels, indicating limited availability of high-input-energy events. Spatial route maps reveal road-level variability with localized high-power segments along the sampled routes. The findings indicate that battery-free sensing is most feasible under a harvest-store-operate paradigm and establish a quantitative framework for band prioritization, measurement-informed placement, and realistic energy-availability assessment.

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迪拜用于无电池物联网和射频能量收集规划的室外环境射频功率的大规模测量驱动特性

本文介绍了迪拜室外环境射频环境的测量驱动特性，以支持无电池物联网系统和射频能量收集的部署规划。这些发现为波段选择、放置优先级和可行性评估提供了定量依据，并可以建立更真实的模拟环境。使用Keysight N9914C FieldFox频谱分析仪和宽带全向天线进行了大规模驾驶测试，在近200公里的路线上，以50-60米的间隔记录gps标记的接收功率（dBm）。通过5 GHz Wi-Fi测量了11个频段，跨越1 GHz以下的广播和蜂窝频率。结果表明，环境射频可用性主要由低于1 GHz的频率窗决定，其中791-862 MHz测量窗口显示出最强的接收功率结果，达到最大值- 5.57 dBm， 4.30%的样品显示功率大于- 20 dBm， 38.36%的样品显示功率大于- 30 dBm。相比之下，较高的频带在这些水平上表现出微不足道的超出，表明高输入能量事件的可用性有限。空间路线图揭示了沿采样路线的局部高功率路段的道路水平可变性。研究结果表明，在收获-储存-操作模式下，无电池传感是最可行的，并为频带优先级、测量信息放置和现实能源可用性评估建立了定量框架。

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来源期刊

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments Energy-Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

CiteScore

12.70

自引率

12.50%

发文量

1091

期刊介绍： Encouraging a transition to a sustainable energy future is imperative for our world. Technologies that enable this shift in various sectors like transportation, heating, and power systems are of utmost importance. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments welcomes papers focusing on a range of aspects and levels of technological advancements in energy generation and utilization. The aim is to reduce the negative environmental impact associated with energy production and consumption, spanning from laboratory experiments to real-world applications in the commercial sector.