Phytochemical-Integrated Nanoparticles and AI-Enabled Delivery Systems for Biomedical, Agricultural, and Environmental Applications: Current Advances and Future Perspectives.

Abstract

The combination of phytochemicals, nanotechnology, and data-centric engineering is changing sustainable innovation in healthcare, agriculture, and ecological consciousness. This review combines progress in phyto-nanotechnology, emphasising bioprocessing techniques such as hairy root and plant cell cultures for the scalable development of plant-derived nanomaterials. The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts delivers sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative methods to the conventional procedures and enhances the biological efficacy of NPs. The applications of phyto-engineered nanomaterials are critically reviewed here. These include oncology, where they act as targeted drug-delivery systems with theranostic potential; agriculture, for crop yield enhancement through nutrient delivery and nanopesticides; and environmental management, for remediation of contamination. This review also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and artificial intelligence (AI) for the design and evaluation of different plant-derived NPs. Predictive modelling and digital twins are the most important technologies for efficiency and safety. Subsequently, community involvement and ethical considerations are still needed to promote sustainable innovation and regulatory compliance, which are currently lacking in this field.