Toward ionic liquid chemistry to build in antimicrobial functionality in the next generation of dental materials

Abstract

Objectives

The authors mapped the landscape of research on the use of ionic liquids (ILs) in dental materials, identifying which IL chemistries are most prevalent as well as antimicrobial performance, material functionality, and biocompatibility.

Search Strategy

The authors followed the Arksey and O’Malley 5-stage framework for scoping reviews.

Citation Sources

Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (2000-2024).

Study Selection Criteria

Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were charted across IL composition, material type, antimicrobial mechanism, and physicochemical outcomes.

Data Elements Included

Imidazolium-based ILs were the most studied, followed by pyridinium, ammonium, and cholinium derivatives. IL incorporation improved polymerization efficiency, bond durability, and corrosion resistance while providing sustained antimicrobial activity through cationic disruption of bacterial membranes. The transition toward biocompatible, biodegradable ILs, such as cholinium and amino acid-based systems, is an emerging trend.

Overall Conclusions

IL chemistry offers a powerful platform for developing multifunctional dental materials that combine antimicrobial efficacy with mechanical and chemical stability. Future research should focus on long-term biocompatibility, standardized antimicrobial testing, and translation into clinically safe, sustainable formulations.