Engaging in non-work-related information and communication technology activities for work recovery: A systematic literature review

Abstract

This systematic literature review makes a theoretical contribution by separating the recovery process into two components: non-work-related information and communication technology (ICT) activities and recovery experiences. This distinction helps identify how different activities influence the four work recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery and control) across at-work and off-work contexts. It provides insight into what activity characteristics and user behaviours determine recovery outcomes (i.e., active vs. passive activities, positive vs. negative affect and usage duration). The paper also explains why different activities may lead to certain recovery dimensions or sometimes impair recovery (e.g., excessive usage and addiction). It further extends theoretical understanding by incorporating non-work antecedents and clarifying inconsistent terminology. In doing so, it deepens our understanding of this phenomenon and reconciles inconsistent findings by reframing apparent paradoxes. This challenges prevailing views that ICTs are detrimental to well-being and productivity, demonstrating that non-work-related ICT activities can facilitate work recovery by replenishing depleted energy and promoting vigour, thereby improving health and work outcomes. Specifically, the review critically synthesizes 54 empirical studies identified in the Scopus database from the initial development in 2007 to 2025, holistically mapping the recovery process and its antecedents and outcomes, while proposing a promising research agenda across these three areas. This review indicates that engaging in non-work-related ICT activities that are active and generate positive affect during micro-breaks is most effective for achieving comprehensive recovery. It also offers practical implications by providing actionable guidance for individuals and organizations to enhance health and work-related outcomes.