Fabrication of Sandwich-Structured Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors Using PVDF/BaTiO3 Composite Films Printed by Near-Field Electrohydrodynamic Direct-Writing

IF 2.8 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electronic Materials Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI:10.1007/s11664-026-13084-6

Jiaqi Wang, Huifang Liu, Xin Li, Fu Zhao, Luyao Zhao

{"title":"Fabrication of Sandwich-Structured Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors Using PVDF/BaTiO3 Composite Films Printed by Near-Field Electrohydrodynamic Direct-Writing","authors":"Jiaqi Wang, Huifang Liu, Xin Li, Fu Zhao, Luyao Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13084-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Driven by rapid advances in wearable and flexible electronics, flexible piezoelectric sensors show great promise for wearable devices, motion tracking, and artificial electronic skin. Herein, a sandwich-structured flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated via near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (NFEDW) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) composite films. Key NFEDW parameters affecting film performance were studied. Optimization identified optimal conditions: 3700 V voltage, 1000 mm/min printing speed, 0.3 mm printing distance, 0.35 μL/min flow rate, and 15 wt.% solution concentration. Under these conditions, the sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 361.1 mV/N, a response time of 5.34 ms, and a recovery time of 5.99 ms. This enables rapid, accurate detection of external mechanical stimuli. XRD and microscopic morphology confirmed the film’s excellent piezoelectric properties, surface quality, and uniformity. The sensor showed outstanding stability over 6000 vibration cycles, confirming long-term dependability. With a thickness of only 0.22 mm and excellent flexibility, the sensor precisely records subtle biological signals, highlighting its promise for human motion monitoring. This work defines the optimal NFEDW process window for PVDF/BaTiO<sub>3</sub> composite films, clarifies parameter regulation mechanisms, and offers a theoretical and technical foundation for controlled fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoelectric sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8526 - 8545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Electronic Materials","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11664-026-13084-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Driven by rapid advances in wearable and flexible electronics, flexible piezoelectric sensors show great promise for wearable devices, motion tracking, and artificial electronic skin. Herein, a sandwich-structured flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated via near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (NFEDW) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO₃) composite films. Key NFEDW parameters affecting film performance were studied. Optimization identified optimal conditions: 3700 V voltage, 1000 mm/min printing speed, 0.3 mm printing distance, 0.35 μL/min flow rate, and 15 wt.% solution concentration. Under these conditions, the sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 361.1 mV/N, a response time of 5.34 ms, and a recovery time of 5.99 ms. This enables rapid, accurate detection of external mechanical stimuli. XRD and microscopic morphology confirmed the film’s excellent piezoelectric properties, surface quality, and uniformity. The sensor showed outstanding stability over 6000 vibration cycles, confirming long-term dependability. With a thickness of only 0.22 mm and excellent flexibility, the sensor precisely records subtle biological signals, highlighting its promise for human motion monitoring. This work defines the optimal NFEDW process window for PVDF/BaTiO₃ composite films, clarifies parameter regulation mechanisms, and offers a theoretical and technical foundation for controlled fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoelectric sensors.

查看原文本刊更多论文

PVDF/BaTiO3复合薄膜近场电液直写打印制备三明治结构柔性压电传感器

在可穿戴和柔性电子技术快速发展的推动下，柔性压电传感器在可穿戴设备、运动跟踪和人造电子皮肤方面显示出巨大的前景。本文采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/钛酸钡（BaTiO3）复合薄膜的近场电流体动力直写（NFEDW）制备了三明治结构柔性压电传感器。研究了影响NFEDW薄膜性能的关键参数。优化确定了最佳工艺条件：电压3700 V，打印速度1000 mm/min，打印距离0.3 mm，流速0.35 μL/min，溶液浓度15 wt.%。在此条件下，传感器的灵敏度为361.1 mV/N，响应时间为5.34 ms，恢复时间为5.99 ms。这使得能够快速，准确地检测外部机械刺激。XRD和微观形貌证实了该薄膜具有优异的压电性能、表面质量和均匀性。该传感器在6000次振动循环中表现出出色的稳定性，证实了长期的可靠性。该传感器的厚度仅为0.22毫米，具有出色的灵活性，可以精确记录细微的生物信号，突出了其在人体运动监测方面的前景。本研究确定了PVDF/BaTiO3复合薄膜的最佳NFEDW工艺窗口，阐明了参数调节机制，为高性能柔性压电传感器的可控制造提供了理论和技术基础。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of Electronic Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

4.10

自引率

4.80%

发文量

693

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Electronic Materials (JEM) reports monthly on the science and technology of electronic materials, while examining new applications for semiconductors, magnetic alloys, dielectrics, nanoscale materials, and photonic materials. The journal welcomes articles on methods for preparing and evaluating the chemical, physical, electronic, and optical properties of these materials. Specific areas of interest are materials for state-of-the-art transistors, nanotechnology, electronic packaging, detectors, emitters, metallization, superconductivity, and energy applications. Review papers on current topics enable individuals in the field of electronics to keep abreast of activities in areas peripheral to their own. JEM also selects papers from conferences such as the Electronic Materials Conference, the U.S. Workshop on the Physics and Chemistry of II-VI Materials, and the International Conference on Thermoelectrics. It benefits both specialists and non-specialists in the electronic materials field. A journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.