A Review of Si/C Composite Materials Prepared by Different Processes for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are now widely used in consumer electronics and new energy vehicles. At present, commercial anode materials are mainly graphite; however, the relatively low theoretical specific capacity of graphite makes it difficult to meet the growing demand for high-energy-density storage. Silicon-based materials have abundant reserves and significant cost advantages, with a theoretical specific capacity of up to 4200 mAh g⁻¹, roughly 10 times that of graphite, making them a highly promising next-generation anode replacement material. However, silicon undergoes nearly 300% volume expansion during lithium insertion and extraction, which easily causes particle pulverization and damage to the electrode’s conductive network, ultimately leading to a severe decline in cycle life and capacity stability. Preparing Si/C composite systems can effectively address these issues. The carbon matrix can include traditional carbon precursors such as graphite and pitch, as well as novel carbon materials like graphene, MXene, and MOF-derived carbon. This paper systematically reviews mainstream Si/C composite preparation methods, including dry ball milling, spray drying, high-temperature pyrolysis, and chemical vapor deposition; analyzes the mechanisms by which each process regulates material microstructure and Si/C interface bonding; and summarizes effective strategies to enhance electrode electrochemical performance through process optimization.