From liquid precursors to adhesive platforms: coacervates as dynamic interface biomaterials for biotechnology.

Abstract

Achieving robust adhesion in wet and biological environments remains a major challenge in biotechnology and medicine. Coacervates are emerging as versatile adhesive platforms that function effectively under hydrated conditions. Their fluid-like nature enables efficient spreading at interfaces, while subsequent mechanical reinforcement stabilizes adhesion without permanent curing. In this review, we present a unifying framework in which adhesion arises from the interplay of interfacial wetting, multivalent interactions, viscoelastic energy dissipation, and kinetic arrest. We discuss how designing phase behavior and arrest dynamics can transform coacervates into functional bioadhesive interfaces for tissue sealing, drug delivery, and biointerface engineering. Finally, we outline challenges in predictive design, spatiotemporal control over arrest, and clinical translation, highlighting adhesive coacervates as multifunctional materials for complex wet environments.