Clinical Advances in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview of Full-Course Disease Management

Abstract

The landscape of breast cancer (BC) treatment has reached a pivotal turning point in recent years, marked by a succession of breakthrough findings from landmark international clinical trials. These advances have fundamentally reshaped treatment paradigms across distinct molecular subtypes. In the field of hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-negative) BC, the introduction of novel targeted agents has continuously optimized therapeutic strategies. Meanwhile, the management of endocrine therapy resistance has evolved into an innovative framework characterized by multitarget therapeutic combination approaches. Concurrently, the extensive impact of the DESTINY-Breast series has constructed a stratified, precision medicine system covering the entire disease course of HER2-positive BC. In triple-negative breast cancer, the ASCENT-03 and ASCENT-04 trials have successfully positioned antibody-drug conjugates as a cornerstone of first-line treatment for advanced disease. This article focuses on the latest advances in BC, systematically reviewing recent clinical evidence and practical experience in medical oncology to provide a robust reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.