Emerging Sensor Platforms for Statin Monitoring in Biological Matrices: Materials-Driven Innovations

Abstract

Statins are among the most widely prescribed lipid-lowering agents for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. However, drug–drug interactions, interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, and chemical instability can compromise therapeutic efficacy and increase the risk of adverse effects. These challenges underscore the need for robust, sensitive, and real-time analytical platforms capable of monitoring statin concentrations in biological and pharmaceutical matrices. Recent advances in functional materials and sensor engineering have driven the development of highly selective and rapid statin detection technologies. This review critically evaluates emerging sensor platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and gravimetric systems, with particular emphasis on the role of nanostructured and hybrid materials in enhancing signal transduction, sensitivity, and operational stability. Applications in clinically relevant samples such as serum, plasma, and urine are systematically compared, highlighting key analytical performance parameters including detection limits, selectivity, response time, and reproducibility. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed, focusing on materials integration, device miniaturization, and translational strategies to facilitate the deployment of statin sensors in point-of-care and real-world monitoring applications.