Load-Center–Oriented Equivalent Modeling and Benchmark Construction for Voltage Security Studies in Receiving-End Power Systems

Abstract

Modern receiving-end power systems are characterized by concentrated load centers, long-distance power transfer, and increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable resources. To support reproducible voltage-security studies for such systems, this paper develops a load-center–oriented equivalent benchmark based on the classical 3-machine 9-bus framework. The proposed benchmark construction explicitly defines the transformation from the original system, including bus and branch data, generator dispatch, load allocation, corridor ratings, renewable locations, SVG/OLTC/ESS/capacitor parameters, and coordinated-control variables. Beyond steady-state voltage profiles, the validation framework incorporates quantitative load-center representativeness indices, renewable-output sensitivity, load-growth screening, selected N-1 contingency results, and a reduced-Jacobian modal indicator. The benchmark reproduces a dominant transfer corridor with 81.50% loading, a minimum bus voltage of 0.9700 p.u., and a high-renewable overvoltage case reaching 1.0807 p.u. Coordinated multiresource control reduces the maximum target-bus voltage magnitude by 0.0526 p.u. relative to the uncontrolled high-renewable case. The model is intended as a transparent steady-state benchmark for voltage-security, renewable-hosting, and coordinated-control studies. Fast electromagnetic and converter-control phenomena are identified as necessary extensions for dynamic studies.